highly significantp < 0.01
X 1 had a highly significant positive impact during 2005–2010 (β 1 = 0.836, p < 0.01), weakened and became statistically insignificant during 2011–2019, and then regained a significant positive effect in 2020–2022 (β 3 = 0.530, p < 0.01), suggesting that post-COVID economic recovery had notably contributed to the rise in syphilis incidence.