a trend toward significancep = 0.07
showed a trendp = 0.07
On multivariate analysis, gout (odds ratio (OR): 8.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-56.7, p = 0.026) and uric acid stones (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.1-21.9, p = 0.038) were independently associated with recurrence, while back pain showed a trend toward significance (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 0.9-18.6, p = 0.07).