highly significantp < 0.001
The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test yielded a highly significant monotonic decrease ( z = −9.03, τ = −0.282, p < 0.001).
The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test yielded a highly significant monotonic decrease ( z = −9.03, τ = −0.282, p < 0.001).
aureus incidence density series (per 1000 patient-days) revealed a pronounced trend component that increased from approximately 2.7 per 1000 patient-days at the beginning of the study to a peak of approximately 8.4 in mid-2021, coinciding with the height of COVID-19 hospital activity, before declining to approximately 3.5 by late 2025 ( Figure 7 a–d).