Association Between Calcaneal Inclination Angle and Spinal and Lower Limb Alignment: A Retrospective Radiographic Analysis.

Diagnostics (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13024928 · PMID 41897654

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Although both sides demonstrated an increasing trend in TTA values from the pes planus to the pes cavus groups (right: 1.47°, 1.84°, and 2.34°; left: 1.45°, 1.69°, and 2.60°), these differences were not statistically significant.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

The mean PI (53.79°) demonstrated a decreasing trend from the pes planus to the pes cavus group in both feet.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.