highly significantp = 8.14 × 10 − 24
For example, when distinguishing individuals with MCI from those with CN, CR-Proxy showed a highly significant difference ( p = 8.14 × 10 − 24 , Cohen’s d = 0.68 ), compared to Brain-PAD ( p = 6.93 × 10 − 4 , d = − 0.25 ).