Pupil size response within direct and random exploration and exploitation behaviors selectively reflects value of control.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13040367 · PMID 41929814

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0800

closest p · 1.6× alpha

0.0860

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.08so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Choice horizon was a significant positive predictor of pupil size at bin −6 ( β = 51.32, p = 0.016) and bin −1 ( β = 21.80, p = 0.039), with a marginally significant effect at bin 0 ( β = 18.25, p = 0.08).

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marginal significancep = 0.086so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

We found that exploration decisions were associated with larger pupil size, but in marginal significance [ F (1.5200) = 2.95, β = 19.62 p = 0.086].

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