Genes causative of primary immunodeficiency are risk factors for and are over-expressed in systemic lupus erythematosus.

It is also notable that PID genes are also more likely to be differentially expressed in peripheral blood of SLE patients when compared to random gene cohorts, and this highly significant enrichment holds at multiple levels of filter stringency and across multiple thresholds of Monte Carlo simulation repetition, corroborating the hypothesis that PID genes are clearly over-expressed in SLE.

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