Tracking under-five mortality from 1990 to 2023: Global, regional, and national trends, inequities, and projections toward achieving SDG Target 3.2 by 2030.

The U5MRs were deemed to be in a decreasing trend in 192 countries and territories between 1990 and 2023, with the largest decrease in the Maldives (EAPC = −8.38; 95% CI: −8.64, −8.12), followed by Kosovo (EAPC = −7.48; 95% CI: −7.66, −7.29) and Estonia (EAPC = −7.06; 95% CI: −7.30, −6.82) ( Fig 4B and S2 Table).

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The U5MRs were deemed to be in an increasing trend in Dominica (EAPC = 2.33; 95% CI: 2.15, 2.51) between 1990 and 2023 ( Fig 4B and S2 Table).

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