Canopy closure and intensifying climate extremes drive understory species loss over 25 years of forest monitoring.

In detail, the boreal biome showed an increasing trend in cumulative nestedness, indicating a progressive process of species filtering, leading to communities that are increasingly subsets of their original state 42 , 84 .

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Specifically, the boreal biome showed a negative temporal trend for turnover at the immediate time scale, while a positive trend was observed for nestedness at the cumulative time scale.

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