Statistical appraisal by means of Egger’s test of regression produced a significant intercept ( β 0 = 2.34, 95% CI: 0.68–4.01, p = 0.008), suggesting funnel plot asymmetry beyond chance, and Begg’s rank correlation test revealed borderline significance (Kendall’s τ = 0.31, p = 0.051), offering supporting evidence for possible publication bias.
The model of meta-regression identified the type of intervention (Qb = 14.82, df = 2, p < 0.001), its duration (Qb = 19.34, df = 2, p < 0.001), and cultural background (Qb = 11.67, df = 2, p = 0.003) as notable moderators, whereas academic discipline (Qb = 5.28, df = 2, p = 0.071) and grade level (Qb = 4.93, df = 2, p = 0.085) exhibited marginally significant moderating impacts, aligning with contemporary meta-analytic results regarding the contextual dependency of educational interventions within higher education environments ( Dunst et al., 2020 ).