Association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Front Med (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMC13053308 · PMID 41952894

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hedged sentence

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Studies comparing the highest versus lowest quartiles of UPFs intake ( n = 3) ( 16 , 17 , 23 ) yielded a highly significant and consistent result (ES = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14–1.32, p < 0.001).

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