Troponin T level showed only a borderline significant relationship for WMH volume and no other brain damage factors. 60 Growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) is another cardiac stress biomarker introduced as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases and HF. 61 In a Framingham Offspring study of 3374 individuals without stroke and dementia, higher levels of GDF‐15 were associated with lower TBV and higher WMH volume.
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