Discrete element study on mechanical properties of layered sand-cobble strata under unloading stress path of shield construction.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13056964 · PMID 41766025

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

With the increase of the thickness of cobble stratum, the bearing capacity and toughness of the soil show an increasing trend, and the increase of cobble particles enhances the overall stability of the soil.

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