Genomic and metabolomic insights into the enhancement of rare ginsenosides in <i>Panax ginseng</i> through solid-state fermentation by <i>Aspergillus cristatus</i> JH-5.

Front Microbiol · 2026 · PMC13057383 · PMID 41960426

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

In contrast, certain ginsenosides (such as Rk3, F1, and Ro) showed a decreasing trend (blue bars), which suggests a substrate-product relationship where specific ginsenosides are consumed or converted during the microbial metabolic process ( Quan et al., 2013 ).

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Genomic and metabolomic insights into the enhancement of rare ginsenosides in &lt;i&gt;Panax ginseng&lt;/i&gt; through solid-state fermentation by &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus cristatus&lt;/i&gt; JH-5.

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Genomic and metabolomic insights into the enhancement of rare ginsenosides in <i>Panax ginseng</i> through solid-state fermentation by <i>Aspergillus cristatus</i> JH-5.