TGF-beta promotes human T follicular helper cell stemness properties at the expense of effector function.

Front Immunol · 2026 · PMC13057435 · PMID 41958642

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

The results showed an increasing trend in IFN-γ levels in the supernatants following TGF-β1 stimulation, further indicating that TGF-β1 shifts the cell population towards a T FH 1-like phenotype.

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