The effectiveness of robotic therapy in reducing upper limb spasticity in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2026 · PMC13059340 · PMID 41772621

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantp = 0.05actually significant

In chronic patients (7 trials, N = 194), the MD was 2.20 points (95% CI -0.01 to 4.40), an effect that was borderline significant ( p = 0.05), with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%).

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marginally non-significantp = 0.05actually significant

While subgroup analysis revealed a marginally non-significant effect in the subacute phase (MD = 0.88; p = 0.05) and a non-significant effect in the chronic phase, the test for subgroup differences was not significant ( p = 0.91), suggesting comparable benefits regardless of recovery stage.

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