Neurodevelopment and psychosocial adjustment in children with early surgical ventricular septal defect repair: exploring the influence of surgery-related variables across childhood and adolescence.

Results showed a highly significant time x covariate interaction ( F (1, 16) = 15.84, p =.001, η 2 p = 0.48), with post-hoc tests revealing a non-significant negative relation of post-surgical hospital stay and child depressive symptoms at T1 ( r T1 = − 0.18, n.s. ), and a moderate positive non-significant correlation at T2 ( r T2 = 0.36, n.s. ).

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Post-hoc Pearson correlations showed a positive trend-significant association of the covariate and child anxiety symptoms at T1, and a non-significant negative one at T2 ( r T1 = 0.40, p =.071); r T2 = − 0.13, n.s. ; see Fig. 2 a).

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