Chronic kidney disease burden from 1990 to 2023 in China: national and provincial insights from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2023.

20 , 21 From 1990 to 2023, we observed an increasing trend of the absolute CKD deaths, which might be partially explained by the increasing prevalence of hypertension (from 24.9% in 2004 to 38.1% in 2018) and diabetes (from 10.9% in 2013 to 12.4% in 2018). 22 , 23 The aging population could also contribute to the increasing prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, leading to the increasing trend of absolute CKD cases over time ( Figure S3 ).

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