Evidence-Based Clinical Management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: Diagnostic Algorithms, Practical Guidelines, Critical Appraisal of Biomarkers and Translational Limitations.

Animals (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13072388 · PMID 41976093

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Studies have shown an increasing trend in plasma and CSF GFAP levels in dogs with CCDS, which supports its potential use as part of a biomarker panel [ 15 , 43 ].

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