A hybrid analytical-optimization framework for sidelobe suppression and beamwidth control in linear antenna arrays.

Meanwhile, the orange curve demonstrates a decreasing trend in HPBW, confirming that higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document} values enhance beam sharpness and directivity.

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The blue curve exhibits an increasing trend in SLL s , reinforcing the observation that higher β values lead to a degradation in sidelobe suppression.

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