Sigma-1 receptor regulates HIV-1 and methamphetamine-induced endothelial/pericyte barrier impairment via strain-specific inflammatory responses and mitochondrial dysregulation.

Analysis of TJ proteins revealed that claudin-5 expression in co-cultures was reduced after 24 h of combined HIV-1 NL4-3 infection and METH exposure, with a pronounced trend toward reduction at 48 h, as compared to uninfected controls (Fig. 1 H, I).

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However, there was a notable trend toward mitigation of the increased mitochondrial superoxide production co-induced by HIV-1 NL4-3 and METH (Fig. 3 H), suggesting that Sigma-1R may play a role in the protection against mitochondrial damage.

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