More practically significant for current industrial adoption is the energy intensity of nanoemulsion formation: high‐pressure homogenization (500–1500 bar) and microfluidiation are the most effective methods for achieving consistent sub‐200 nm droplet sizes at industrial scale, requiring capital investment of USD 200,000–1,000,000 for suitable equipment and energy inputs of approximately 2–5 MJ/kg product for the emulsification step [ 81 , 92 ].
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Encapsulation in Food Systems: From Technique-Driven Approaches to Functional, Scalable, and Sustainable Industrial Applications.
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