Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Versus Thoracotomy for Pleural Empyema: Outcomes and Risk Factors in a Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study.

J Cardiothorac Surg · 2026 · PMC13085428 · PMID 41952233

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hedged sentence

0.0570

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0570

boldest claim

The sentences

narrowly missed statistical significancep = 0.057so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Although this difference narrowly missed statistical significance ( p = 0.057), the trend suggested a clinically meaningful reduction in transfusion requirements with VATS (Fig. 3 ).

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