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Prenatal 4-phenylbutyric acid administration during mid-gestation ameliorates ASD-like behaviors by reducing cortical endoplasmic reticulum stress in VPA-induced ICR and BTBR mouse models.

AIMS Neurosci · 2026 · PMC13086595 · PMID 42004569

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an increasing trendno p-value reported
Additionally, in the combined VPA and 4-PBA group, locomotor activity indicated a declining trend, whereas immobility time exhibited an increasing trend compared with the untreated group ( Figure 5 , locomotor activity and immobility duration). 3.5.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported
In terms of social behavior, the VPA mice exhibited a decreasing trend in the time spent approaching the acrylic plate compared with the untreated group, whereas the combined VPA and 4-PBA group spent more time approaching the plate than did the VPA group ( Figure 5 , social communication).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.