Mendelian Randomization Study in East Asian Populations Supports the Causal Relationship Between Blood Metabolites and COPD: Insights from Amino Acids, Phospholipids, Vitamin D, and Trace Elements.

By contrast, several exposures showed protective directions: phosphoethanolamine displayed borderline significance for reduced risk (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.56–1.00, P = 0.0500); serum-alanine-transaminase (ALT) was associated with lower risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.99, P = 0.0345); alpha-aminoadipic acid was linked to lower risk (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96, P = 0.0208); leucine showed a stronger protective effect (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.91, P = 0.0197); and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 [25(OH)D 2 ] was likewise associated with reduced risk (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70–0.94, P = 0.0045).

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