Mood benefits of coffee occur without changes in cortisol physiology When considering stress and cortisol physiology, the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test (SECPT), a stress-inducing task combining physical discomfort and social evaluation, showed a nonsignificant trend of increased self-reported anxiety (ΔSTAI - State) in NCDs compared to CDs, indicating higher anxiety in NCDs before the test (Supplementary Data 9 ).
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Habitual coffee intake shapes the gut microbiome and modifies host physiology and cognition.
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