Trends and determinants of hospitalization costs for umbilical hernia: a 13-year retrospective analysis from 2012 to 2024.

Front Surg · 2026 · PMC13102830 · PMID 42038494

Europe PMC DOI

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Medication expenses showed a decreasing trend over the study period, declining from 9.26% in 2012 to 2.98% in 2024.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Overall, the hospitalization expenses demonstrated an increasing trend, peaking in 2021 and subsequently decreasing slightly.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.