Climate-robust evaluation of alfalfa seed maturity via an EMD-guided deep learning framework using multispectral imaging.

Plant Phenomics · 2026 · PMC13109568 · PMID 42038795

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highly significantP < 0.001actually significant

Two-way ANOVA revealed highly significant main effects of year (df = 2, 30), maturity stage (df = 4, 30), and their interaction (df = 8, 30) across all measured parameters ( P < 0.001), underscoring the critical role of inter-annual variability in regulating seed development.

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