Impact of T-tube placement on hepaticojejunostomy stenosis after pancreatic surgery.

For the multivariate model, covariates were selected a priori based on the following criteria: T-tube placement was included as the primary exposure of interest; narrow bile duct diameter was included as a key clinical confounder given its known association with both T-tube use and anastomotic stricture risk; and age was included based on borderline significance in univariate analysis ( p < 0.10).

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