Volume Deformation Control of Concrete for Hydraulic Structures Using Polyurethane-Modified Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer: A Review.

However, for cement pastes with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of up to 0.45, a significant increase in CTE was also measured, even though the increase in CTE in concrete due to self-desiccation was not as significant as in cement paste or mortar (due to the restraining effect of aggregates).

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This indicates that with the increase in MPCE content, more and more polycarboxylate molecules are not effectively adsorbed by cement particles and thus remain in the liquid phase, resulting in a decreasing trend in the measured surface tension of the liquid phase.

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