Emerging Trends in Ultrasonic and Friction Stir Spot Welding of Polymers and Metal-Polymer Hybrids: A Review of Process Mechanics, Microstructure, and Joint Performance.

Materials (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13118111 · PMID 42073767

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FSSW joints in their turn are highly responsive to such parameters of the process as rotating speed, depth of the plunge, and dwell time, and optimal parameters result in highly significant increases in lap shear strength and hardness, but difficulties in defect suppression and interface uniformity are still present.

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