Numerical Investigations on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids Using Microchannel Cooling for 21700 Batteries in Electric Vehicles.

Micromachines (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13118348 · PMID 42076273

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a slight trendno p-value reported

Nevertheless, a slight trend is observed that the lowest ΔT values are achieved by the nanofluids at higher flow rates, with 1.94 °C at 5 LPM, consistent with their generally lower viscosity and enhanced thermal properties.

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