highly significantp < 0.001
ANOVA analysis revealed that temperature exerted a highly significant effect on archaeal abundance (F = 45.32, p < 0.001); Fe 3+ concentration also had a significant influence (F = 18.67, p < 0.01), whereas the effect of NO 2 − was relatively weak and not statistically significant (F = 3.21, p > 0.05).