Subject areas: earth-surface processes, glacial landscapes, remote sensing Graphical abstract Highlights • Quantified the identification rate of glacier debris for each parameter • Debris-covered glaciers make up about 5% of the total glacier area in the Karakoram region • The average glacier area showed a decreasing trend in the Karakoram during 2000–2021 • Glacier retreat in the Indus Basin will greatly reduce future water resource availability Earth-surface processes; glacial landscapes; remote sensing status released display-pdf yes is-olf no is-manuscript no is-preprint no is-journal-matter no is-scanned no is-retracted no Received 2025 Jul 10; Revised 2025 Sep 26; Accepted 2026 Feb 23; Collection date 2026 May 15.
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Debris-covered glacier identification in the Karakoram aided by thermal remote sensing.
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The findings of this study also confirm that the Indus Basin has the largest glacier moraine coverage area and that the extent of moraine at glacier termini has shown an increasing trend during the study period.