Causal inference and mediating pathways of metabolic syndrome on calcific aortic valve stenosis: linkage disequilibrium score regression and two-sample, two-step mendelian randomization study.

Nevertheless, the highly significant genetic correlation ( p < 1 × 10 –25 ) implies that the genetic association between MetS and CAVS retains biological importance even within this low heritability context.

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The inverse association for HDL-C was marginally significant after FDR correction (FDR p = 0.048), whereas the associations for DBP and T2DM did not survive correction (FDR p > 0.05), suggesting these results may be less robust or influenced by confounding.

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