Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation to alleviate metformin-associated gastrointestinal adverse events and optimize glycaemic control: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial protocol.

In the original validation study by McCreight et al., this questionnaire demonstrated excellent reliability and validity: it showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.8), good test-retest reliability, and significant discriminant validity, with a highly significant difference in total scores between metformin-intolerant and metformin-tolerant patients ( P < 0.0001) ( McCreight et al., 2018 ).

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