Circular waste valorization: humic acid adsorption onto ZnS nanoparticle-loaded biomass and conversion into nutrient-rich alginate beads.

The plot exhibits a decreasing trend from 200 nm and is found to have a hump at approximately 325 nm, which confirms the first electron transition 1Se–1Sh due to the quantum confinement of charge carriers, resulting in a smaller particle size of ZnS. 13 Further, the band gap of the ZnS nanoparticles was calculated using the Tauc plot and found to be 3.16 eV, which was lower than that of the bulk ZnS (∼3.7 eV). 14 Although nanoscale ZnS typically shows band gap widening due to quantum confinement, the observed reduction indicates that surface effects dominate in the present system.

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