highly significantP ≤ 0.001
In contrast, for nymph jassids, site effects were not significant before spraying and during early observations (24 and 72 h after the first spray; P > 0.05) but became significant at 48 h after the first spray (P ≤ 0.01) and remained highly significant throughout the second and third spray rounds (P ≤ 0.001) ( Table 3c ).