Global burden of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: A secondary dataset analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Conversely, countries with high SDI values (typically >0.75) mostly exhibited a decreasing trend (EAPC <0).

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The polynomial regression fitting curves (black lines) for both mortality and DALYs demonstrated that countries with low SDI values (typically <0.7) predominantly experienced an increasing trend in disease burden (EAPC >0).

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