Testosterone Levels, Challenging Parenting Behavior, and Protective Parenting Behavior: A Correlational Study Among First-Time Fathers in the First Year of Fatherhood.

Dev Psychobiol · 2026 · PMC13155649 · PMID 42102226

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0530

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0530

boldest claim

The sentences

fell just short of significancep = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The effect size in the association between paternal sensitivity and protective parenting was substantial but fell just short of significance, r (70) = 0.23, p = 0.053.

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