Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.

Int J Mol Sci · 2026 · PMC13164313 · PMID 42123710

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borderline significantno p-value reported

found that although BCG does not change the proportion of natural killer (NK) cell subsets, it enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1B, after stimulation with unrelated bacteria [ 36 ], whereas a randomised controlled trial found a borderline significant increasing effect for monocytes [ 12 ].

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