highly significantp < 0.0001
ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among treatments ( p < 0.0001), and Tukey’s post hoc test confirmed that the combination exhibited significantly higher inhibition compared to salicylic acid ( p < 0.001) and ibuprofen ( p < 0.001) alone, while ibuprofen was also significantly stronger than salicylic acid ( p < 0.001).