The contingent impact of artificial intelligence on teaching effectiveness: a meta-analytic review of boundary conditions and moderating factors.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13168113 · PMID 42137091

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.1000

closest p · 2.0× alpha

0.1000

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp = 0not a probability at all

The meta-regression analysis of the effect size confidence interval (es_ci_lower and es_ci_upper) presented a highly significant positive slope ( p = 0), meaning that the precision of the research design, boundary conditions, and the reported success level are intrinsically linked.

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marginal significancep ≈ 0.10so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Sample size control and clustering variables showed marginal significance ( p ≈ 0.10), indicating that methodological rigor and sampling strategies have an effect on the observed results.

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