Meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of different core muscle training on pain and function in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Suspension exercise therapy (SET, 3 studies) demonstrated borderline significant effects (SMD = −3.07, 95% CI: −6.18 to 0.04, Z = 1.94, P = 0.05) with extraordinary heterogeneity ( I 2 = 99%), where Guo 2018 (SMD = −5.70) and Niu 2019 (SMD = −2.63) contributed extreme effect sizes that substantially influenced the pooled estimate.

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