Effects of different caffeine doses on fat oxidation and cardiovascular response during exercise at FATmax in overweight/obese female college students.

For total CHO oxidation over the entire exercise period ( Figure 11 ), compared with the placebo group, CHO oxidation decreased in both the 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg caffeine groups; specifically, the 3 mg/kg group showed a decreasing trend, but no statistically significant difference was observed ( p > 0.05), while the 5 mg/kg group exhibited a significant decrease ( p < 0.05), and no change was found in the 9 mg/kg group ( p > 0.05).

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