Barely Significant
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A follow-up study on the effect of exercise intervention on the executive functions of typical primary students and language learning difficulties.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13170595 · PMID 42137110

2
hedged sentences
0.0380
closest p · 0.8× alpha
0.0380
boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.038actually significant
For the shifting function, the main effects of group and student type were significant ( p < 0.05); the time main effect was marginally significant ( p = 0.038, η 2 = 0.058); and all interaction effects were non-significant ( p > 0.05).

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highly significantno p-value reported
At the mid-test (end of 5-week exercise intervention), a highly significant difference was found in the working memory function between the experimental and control groups of elementary students with Chinese language learning difficulties [ F (1, 89) = 34.89, p = 0.000<0.01], indicating that the 5-week exercise intervention positively impacted the working memory function o

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.