Higher-order interactions enhance the latitudinal tree diversity gradient.

Moreover, the stabilizing effect of pairwise interactions changed little across latitudes (the P value for the interaction between abundance and latitude for the relative changes caused by pairwise interactions was 0.736; Table 1 ), whereas the stabilizing effect of HOIs became weaker (marginally significant change) towards higher latitudes (the P value of the interaction between abundance and latitude for the relative change caused by HOIs was 0.093; Table 1 ).

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