Heatwaves, Cold Spells, and Renal Disease Mortality in Japan: Vulnerable Populations and Temporal Trends (1979-2019).

However, our finding of a temporal decline in heatwave–renal disease mortality associations differs from that reported by Wang et al., who examined temporal trends in 136 Chinese cities and observed an increasing trend in heatwave–all-cause mortality.

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Overall, the total numbers of heatwave and cold spell days vary with the temperature threshold and duration. The numbers of heatwaves and cold spells by the subperiods are summarized in Table S1 , where an increasing number of heatwave days was observed over time, whereas the total number of cold spells showed a decreasing trend.

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