A four-factor model of consumption values in a multicultural society: Measurement invariance and the duality of materialism and frugality in Qatar.

PLoS One · 2026 · PMC13189314 · PMID 42160266

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0700

closest p · 1.4× alpha

0.0700

boldest claim

The sentences

not quite significantp = 0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Specifically, the high-income group averaged higher on Materialism (Δ=+0.09, p < .05) and Extravagance (Δ=+0.07, p = 0.07, not quite significant), and lower on Frugality (Δ = –0.08, p < .05).

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