Elevation-driven influences on soil nutrient dynamics and vegetation structure in temperate subalpine forests of the Western Himalaya.

The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in porosity are attributed to a high amount of organic matter, which is responsible for expanding pore spaces,this is the reason bulk density also shows a decreasing trend with increasing depth 76 , 33 .

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Tree species richness decreased with altitude, while shrub species richness did not follow any uniform pattern, and herb species richness showed an increasing trend.

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